Reaction mechanisms: General methods (both kinetic and non-kinetic) of study of mechanism or organic reactions illustrated by examples¡Vuse of isotopes, cross-over experiment, intermediate trapping, stereochemistry; energy diagrams of simple organic reactions¡Vtransition states and intermediates; energy of activation; thermodynamic control and kinetic control of reactions.
Reactive intermediates: Generation, geometry, stability and reactions of carbonium and carbonium ions, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, benzynes and niternes.
Substitution reactions: SN1, SN2, SNi, SN1/, SN2/, SNi/ and SRN1 mechanisms; neighbouring group participation; electrophilic and nucleophilic reactions of aromatic compound including simple heterocyclic compounds¡Vpyrrole, furan thiophene, indole.
Elimination reactions: E1, E2 and E1cb mechanism; orientation in E2 reactions¡VSaytzeff and Hoffmann; pyrolytic syn elimination¡Vacetate pyrolysis, Chugaev and Cope eliminations.
Addition reactions: C and C=C; nucleophilic,, kElectrophilic addition to C N, conjugated olefins and carbonyls.kaddition to C=O, C
Pericyclic reactions: Classification and examples; Woodward-Hoffmann rules¡Xclectrocyclic reactions, cycloaddition reactions [2+2 and 4+2] and sigmatropic shifts [1, 3; 3, 3 and 1, 5] FMO approach.
Chemistry and mechanism of reactions: Aldol condensation (including directed aldol condensation), Claisen condensation, Dieckmann, Perkin, Knoevenagel, Witting, Clemmensen, Wolff-Kishner, Cannizzaro and von Richter reactions; Stobbe, benzoin and acyloin condensations; Fischer indole synthesis, Skraup synthesis, Bischler-Napieralski, Sandmeyer, Reimer-Tiemann and Reformatsky reactions.
Polymeric Systems
Physical chemistry of polymers: Polymer solutions and their thermodynamic properties; number and weight average molecular weights of polymers. Determination of molecular weights by sedimentation, light scattering, osmotic pressure, viscosity, end group analysis methods.
Preparation and properties of polymers: Organic polymers¡Vpolyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, Teflon, nylon, Terylene, synthetic and natural rubber. Inorganic polymers¡Vphosphonitrilic halides, borazines, silicones and silicates (c) Biopolymers: Basic bonding in proteins, DNA and RNA.
Photochemist: Photochemical reactions of simple organic compounds, excited and ground states, singlet and triplet states, Norrish-Type I and Type II reactions.
Principles of spectroscopy and applications in structure elucidation
Rotational spectra¡Vdiatomic molecules; isotopic substitution and rotational constants.
Vibrational spectra¡Vdiatomic molecules, linear triatomic molecules, specific frequencies of functional groups in polyatomic molecules.
Electronic spectra: Singlet and triplet states. N¡V>¡Và* and à>* transitions; application toà conjugated double bonds and conjugated carbonyls¡VWoodward-Fieser rules.
Nuclear magnetic resonance: Isochronous and anisochronous protons; chemical shift and coupling constants; Application of H1 NMR to simple organic molecules.
Mass spectra: Parent peak, base peak, daugther peak, metastable peak, fragmentation of simple organic cleavage, McLafferty rearrangement.nÑmolecules;
Electron spin resonance: Inorganic complexes and free radicals.
Indian Civil Service Exams (CSE) Syllabus - UPSC Exams
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